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What is Autism Spectrum Disorder, and what are the signs in children? How do we begin the diagnosis process for autism, and what are the recommended treatments for children on the spectrum? You can find all the answers here, along with debunking some common myths.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), also known as autism, can be challenging for both children and parents. Parents of autistic children often grapple with questions and concerns such as how to provide emotional support, how the diagnosis may impact the future, and many other complex issues.
Whether you are a parent, caregiver, or educator, understanding the signs of autism and the recommended treatments is crucial to effectively support children on the spectrum.
So whether you've arrived here because your child has been diagnosed, before embarking on an assessment of your child's development, or simply because you wanted to deepen your knowledge about autism - we have compiled all the essential information to know about this disorder.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a child's ability to communicate with others and establish social connections. The term "neurodevelopmental disorder" implies a change in brain function that becomes apparent during childhood. This change in brain function can influence a child's learning, communication with their environment, development of social relationships, and more.
Autism is not a rare disorder, and its prevalence has been variable over time. Currently, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 100 children worldwide, with data suggesting that it may be even more common than previously thought.
The term "spectrum" or "range" refers to the fact that autism affects each individual differently. The symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder can manifest in a wide range, from mild (sometimes referred to as Asperger's syndrome) to severe, and everything in between.
In most cases, the exact causes of autism are not entirely clear and are likely to result from a combination of various factors, primarily genetic ones. This is why it is not uncommon to observe multiple cases of autism within the same family.
In some cases, specific genetic disorders, such as Fragile X syndrome, have been identified as causing autism. These genetic disorders can be detected through recommended prenatal screening tests.
Autism affects two main areas:
Difficulties in communication and social interactions are central characteristics in children on the autism spectrum. Children on the spectrum may struggle to understand the facial expressions of others (such as when someone is worried, sad, or angry) or may avoid making eye contact. Often, children with autism prefer solitary play and may be uncomfortable with physical contact, even when it is generally considered pleasant, like hugging or holding hands.
Many children with autism exhibit heightened interest in specific areas. Additionally, they may engage in repetitive behaviors. For example, a child may obsessively focus on rotating objects (like a spinner or a toy airplane) while ignoring other stimuli. Some children may insist on a rigid daily routine, becoming distressed with any deviation. Other common examples include repetitive hand movements as an expression of excitement, rocking back and forth, and more.
Like all children, those with autism are unique individuals, and each one has their own set of characteristics. One child may exhibit behaviors exactly as described above, while another child may display different traits.
It's important to note that not every instance of a child's behavior that resembles the examples provided necessarily indicates autism. Many children can become highly engrossed in play or screen time to the point of tuning out their surroundings. Additionally, maintaining a daily routine is important to many children, and disruptions can be unsettling.
What sets children with autism apart is often the intensity of their symptoms, their frequency, and when they began. The diagnostic process is systematically carried out by professionals who are skilled in identifying and detecting autism and can provide guidance regarding educational and therapeutic approaches for the future.
Signs of autism can typically begin to emerge in children between the ages of two and three, although, in some cases, signs may appear even earlier. Indicators that may raise suspicion include children who do not use gestures (such as waving) by the age of one, delayed speech or walking, a lack of interest in pointing out objects of interest (e.g., an airplane in the sky) by the age of one and a half, and more.
If you sense that there may be developmental concerns in your child, consult your pediatrician or a pediatric specialist. Leumit’s medical professionals are skilled in conducting initial assessments to initiate the evaluation process. Depending on the need, they may refer you to further assessments at a child development institute.
If it has been recommended for you to refer to a child development center, your child will undergo a comprehensive evaluation by professionals. It is important to note that the diagnosis of autism in a child (as opposed to the diagnosis in an adult) is included in the healthcare basket.
The evaluation as part of an ASD diagnosis includes an examination by a specialist physician (pediatric developmental specialist, child neurologist, or child and adolescent psychiatrist), as well as a diagnosis performed by a developmental psychologist or individuals with training in the field of autism.
Although autism is not a curable condition and there is no specific medication to treat it, early diagnosis and the initiation of various interventions can significantly improve the quality of life for children with autism. In the subsequent sections of this article, you will find information regarding the available treatments for children on the spectrum.
In addition to the recommended treatments for your children, it is highly recommended that you, as parents, receive training and guidance from professionals who can assist you on this journey.
By the way, it's crucial to know that if your child is diagnosed with autism, they are entitled to a special package of professional treatments through Leumit’s healthcare system. Moreover, there are additional rights that you are entitled to following the diagnosis.
After understanding what ASD is and recognizing the signs of autism in children, it's essential to address some common myths and misconceptions surrounding autism. These myths, although often unintentional, can significantly impact your or your child's ability to cope with the journey you are on. Here are a few common false claims:
The truth is that there are still many myths surrounding autism. In today's world, with "Dr. Google" and social networks, it is not always easy to distinguish between accurate information and misinformation.
So, what should you do? First and foremost, check the source of the information and its reliability. Try to gather information from healthcare professionals and experts in the field. Be cautious of overly optimistic claims, such as promises of a cure or complete transformation.
As we will see later, many treatments help acquire tools and skills and assist in promoting the child's development – and they are indeed recommended. However, unfortunately, there is currently no "magic solution”.
Have you heard something and you're not sure if it's true or not? It's perfectly fine to feel confused sometimes amid the abundance of information, especially when it concerns your children. Approach your pediatrician, and ask them to 'sort things out' – what is correct and what is less so, what to avoid, and what is more important.
Many children grapple with social difficulties, even in cases where the child is not on the autism spectrum. Children with autism exhibit unique challenges - the social challenges of autism are characterized by difficulties in understanding facial expressions and social cues.
Due to communication difficulties and language skills, many children may feel frustrated that they don't understand others, and that others don't understand them. Often, children on the spectrum may experience a certain sense of isolation due to these challenges.
Children on the spectrum may sometimes feel 'overwhelmed' emotionally as a result of sensory overload. Sensory overload occurs when a child feels overwhelmed by a sensory disturbance, such as loud noises or shouts, bright lights, and the like. As a result, the child may react with anger outbursts. Sometimes, the opposite reaction may be observed, and the child may become 'withdrawn' and retreat into themselves.
At times, these reactions may appear to us as deliberate problematic behavior. It is important to remember that this is not the case – the behavior of individuals on the spectrum is, in fact, an expression of their difficulty in navigating social situations or other situations that are entirely normal to us, or at the very least, 'tolerable'.
Today, there are various educational frameworks available for children with autism, each tailored to children with different functional abilities. Some children require specialized education or communication classes (special education classes in a regular school). Additionally, educational adaptations are available for children on the spectrum who learn in a regular school and are entitled to inclusion in the classroom.
People with autism, and children in particular, perceive the world slightly differently from others. These educational adaptations in various frameworks allow for better focus on the child's needs.
Early diagnosis of autism allows for the early initiation of suitable treatments, which may enhance a child's ability to realize their full potential. Children diagnosed with ASD up to the age of 18 are entitled to receive up to three different treatments per week if they do not utilize their entitlement for treatment within rehabilitation day centers or communication kindergartens.
These treatments are provided by qualified professionals based on the recommendations for each child and within the referral framework of the treating physician. Leumit members are entitled to treatment within specialized centers or institutions.
There is a variety of treatments available, provided by multidisciplinary teams, to assist children on the autism spectrum in various ways. Examples include behavioral therapy, speech therapy (with a communication clinician), occupational therapy, psychotherapy, and pharmacological treatments that may alleviate some of the symptoms.
It is essential to note that there is no one-size-fits-all therapeutic approach for all children with autism. Each child requires focused attention in different areas at different stages of development.
Occupational therapy aims to provide individuals with the skills necessary for maximum functionality and independence. Occupational therapy for children with autism focuses, as needed, on improving sensory perception, motor skills (both gross and fine), and daily organization and functioning abilities.
Occupational therapy sessions are experiential and enjoyable, based on play. The therapist uses tools and activities tailored to the child, allowing them to explore and practice various skills while engaging in learning experiences and achieving success.
Speech Therapy - Treatment with a
The field of speech-language pathology addresses various issues related to hearing, speech, and even swallowing problems. Communication clinicians specializing in child development assist children on the spectrum in acquiring language and communication skills.
In addition to social and communication difficulties, many children on the autism spectrum also experience various motor impairments, such as coordination problems and posture issues. Physical therapy focuses on improving these motor difficulties, which can, in turn, boost a child's confidence and social abilities. Physical therapists treating children on the spectrum consider not only motor challenges but also the unique needs related to autism. For example, many children on the spectrum have difficulties with touch, which is often part of physical therapy, requiring the therapist to adapt their approach to make the child feel comfortable.
Behavioral therapy helps improve a child's expressive ability and communication, and it may enhance their social skills. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a therapeutic approach mainly used for behavioral therapy in children with autism (but not exclusively). These treatments focus on each child's challenges in different situations and enable them to learn how to express themselves more effectively.
Parents and other family members play a crucial role in supporting children on the autism spectrum. A supportive and nurturing environment at home is essential for the development of every child, but even more so for children with autism who have specific needs.
Positive reinforcement strategies encourage certain behaviors. There are several positive reinforcement strategies that parents can adopt:
Most children on the autism spectrum are physically healthy, but there are specific medical issues that may affect some of them. The three most common medical issues include:
It is recommended to seek appropriate training tailored to parents, which includes tips on parenting children with autism and guidance on coping strategies. Parents face numerous challenges, especially when raising children with special needs. Consulting with professionals and sometimes other parents can help you better understand what your child needs.
Additionally, if necessary, it is acceptable to seek emotional therapy for yourselves. Parents are on a complex journey, and maintaining your mental health is crucial both for your well-being and for supporting your children.
As parents, you always want the best for your child, and it can be challenging to come to terms with the possibility that they may face difficulties and unique challenges in life. If you suspect that some of the signs mentioned may apply to your child, it is essential to reach out to professionals. Early diagnosis and early intervention can provide crucial support for your child, allowing them to progress according to their potential.
Remember, you are not alone in this journey.
